2009;27:556572. 1992;114:16202. Smythe JW, Costall B. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). Radiat Res. PLoS One. Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. Describes the health effects on six men exposed to high levels of RF radiation (100 MHz) while working on transmission masts. 2014;53:22230. Reduction of Phosphorylated Synapsin I (Ser-553) leads to spatial memory impairment by attenuating GABA release after microwave exposure in Wistar rats. CAS Otto M, von Mhlendahl KE. Fragopoulou et al. Arch Environ Health. millimeter, or equivalently. Regarding the ultra-structure of the hippocampus, symptoms including neuronal atrophy, mitochondrial swelling, crest reduction and a disordered arrangement were observed, the rough endoplasmic reticulum exhibited cystic expansion, the number of synaptic vesicles decreased, and the synaptic cleft was widened (2.45GHz pulsed microwave field at an average power density of 1mW/cm2 for 3h/d for up to 30days [45] and an average power density of 2.5, 5, or 10mW/cm2 for 6min/d for up to 1month resulted in an average calculated SAR of 1.05, 2.1, and 4.2W/kg, respectively [46]). [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. Bioelectromagnetics. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. Suhhova et al. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. One reason for this difference may be that the water maze experiment is driven by aversion, whereas the arm maze experiment is driven by appetite. Wang et al. Terms and Conditions, Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. Neuroreport. A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. After irradiation was applied for 2h/d for 60 d, the authors observed the following: microwave radiation produced by mobile phones damaged the brains of adult and young rats, the damage caused by mobile phones in the calling state was significantly more severe than that observed in the standby group, and the neurons of young rats were more seriously injured than those of adult rats. 1999;75:44756. 2010;2010. Annu Rev Physiol. The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats. Radiat Res. 2011;31:2293301. It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. Article 2015;148:150. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. 2011;35:36978. 1994;8:714. Google Scholar. The potential mechanisms underlying these damaging effects range from gene expression alterations in the respiratory chain, membrane damage, Ca2+ overloading, and DNA impairment [122,123,124,125,126,127,128]. Bioelectromagnetics. 1984;11:4760. Joubert et al. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. 2013;32:27380. In the population with occupational exposure, proper protective measures should be taken to avoid unnecessary harm. Trends Neurosci. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. 1984;5:6370. Wang et al. Furthermore, the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons was decreased. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. pability of the body (thus, a thermal effect), whereas the standard of the U.S.S.R. and Poland are based upon the interaction of the microwave fields with the brain and central nervous system as measured by neurological or behavior effects. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. 1992;6:379. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. CAS [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. Trends Cell Biol. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. Front Neurosci. broad definition in terms of frequencies between. Toxicol Sci. The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. 2011;343:5224. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. Google Scholar. Bull Exp Biol Med. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. In broadcasting, the sources of microwaves are mainly FM radio and TV broadcasting antennas, which produce frequencies ranging from 80 to 800MHz. Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. J Environ Health. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. This phenomenon may be explained by the varied radiation dosage adopted in these studies. Many adversarial effects on health causes by electromagnetic. [101] exposed rats to microwave radiation at frequencies of 0, 900, 1800 and 2450MHz (SARs: 0, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.66mW/kg, respectively) using a transverse electromagnetic cell for 2months for 2h/d, 5 d/week. 2003;80:177. One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. Mack A, Georg T, Kreis P, Eickholt BJ. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. [40] also repeated the experiment only and found that radial-arm maze performance in rats remained unchanged. 1999;9:3438. Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. Part of 2 Researchers have been working. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . 1992;49:1818. These results explain the genetic mechanisms by which microwave radiation induces damage to learning and memory. Dasdag et al. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. Koch C, Zador A. Nature. Effect of microwave radiation on learning and memory. Additionally, Larjabaara et al. Behav Brain Res. 2010;473:525. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. PubMed The results showed that 2.1GHz W-CDMA-modulated microwave radiation did not cause apoptotic cell death but altered cell cycle progression [79]. Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. 2004;115:1490505. Each Wi-Fi exposure and restraint occurred for 2h/d during gestation until parturition. 1996;180:917. After studying these effects, Hertel concluded that microwaving food leads to food degeneration. Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y. Sanders AP, Joines WT. Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. 2002;64:31353. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. 2007;210:63544. Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. PLoS One. Article CAS The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. 2006;12:44651. 2004;155:3743. Xiong et al. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. Bioelectromagnetics. Electromagn Biol Med. 2005;1042:1018. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. This is a Health Evidence Network (HEN) synthesis report assessing the clinical effects of daily exposure to mobile phones in general populations. Singh et al. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. Behav Brain Res. Gibson GE, Jope R, Blass J. Mol Cell Biol. In addition, glucose is also related to cognitive functions, and reductions in the metabolism and uptake of glucose have been observed in local regions of the brain in Alzheimers patients [107, 108]. Acetylcholine: cognitive and brain functions. [99] used a microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the miRNA expression profile in the hippocampus on days 7 and 14 after irradiation with a microwave at 30mW/cm2. Because a childs nervous system is growing and their head is more vulnerable to radiation energy, studies that have specifically addressed whether the nervous systems of children are more susceptible to electromagnetic radiation have been performed. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2016;53:210011. Neuroreport. In contrast, a central injection of a glucose carrier inhibitor induced injury to memories [110]. Perentos A, Cuesta-Soto F, Canciamilla A, Vidal B, Pierno L, Losilla NS, et al. 2006;5:389. Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn. Surg Neurol. Neuroscience. 2000;284:30017. Kwon et al. Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. Othman H, Ammari M, Rtibi K, Bensaid N, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices. It has been proposed that by enhancing the functions of acetylcholine, glucose can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in the synapse to reverse microwave-induced damage to learning and memory. The strength of the electric field (rms value) at the sample position was 10V/m. The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. Most matter, including the human body, is largely . Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. 2006;27:11926. Neuroreport. However, Li et al. Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Mailankot M. Spatial memory perfomance of wistar rats exposed to mobile phone. It has been shown that neurons are sensitive to reductions in the availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in mitochondria, which have been reported to be vulnerable to microwave radiation [118]. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. Article Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Professor, Asst Director at VIT [84] and Sharma et al. Int J Occup Environ Health. Article Previous studies have produced a large amount of information, and some progress has been made in theory, but the mechanisms have not yet been fully determined, and many points are still disputed. J Radiat Proc. Medical and biological aspects of the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic (EM) fields and radiation on human health . Brain Res. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. their effects on the human body are vastly different: - Non-ionizing Radiation Frequency range: 0.1 - 1013 Hz . Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. Brain electrical activity originates from the membrane potential of the neuron itself and the fluctuation in membrane potential. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. 2007;34:146779. Chin J Indus Hyg. Zhao L, Peng RY, Gao YB, Wang SM, Wang LF, Dong J, et al. . Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. Mortazavi et al. 2012;31:6774. Int J Hyg Environ Health. Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed by organisms, in which it causes a series of physiological and functional changes. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). These conclusions are presented in Table2. Verma et al. So foods which have high water content can be very easily cooked like fresh vegetables. J Neurosci Methods. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Cordless phone in power levels very high and microwave frequency level also high. Indian J Occup Environ Med. Mol Neurobiol. In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. 2013;5:5500110. 2012;35:32534. Their answers to questionnaires showed that the workers suffered from symptoms including headaches, fatigue, stress and sleeplessness. 2009;64:2314. Neurosci Lett. Nat Med. Zhang et al. Sareesh et al. Cell Biochem Biophys. CAS The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with Neurotoxicology. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. 2004;996:8996. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. [92] found that 900MHz microwave radiation emitted by mobile phones increased protein carbonyl levels in the brains of rats, suggesting that 900MHz microwave radiation can alter some biomolecules such as proteins. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. Vorobyov V, Janac B, Pesic V, Prolic Z. Synapse. PubMed Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2003;14:2436. Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. Physiol Behav. [16] investigated workers who worked at a television transmitter station with a frequency ranging between 202 and 209MHz, 694701MHz, 750757MHz, or 774781MHz and at a medium-wave broadcasting station. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Yu Z. Elevation of plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor translocation in rats: a potential mechanism for cognition impairment following chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. When nerve endings are excited, the vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft, resulting in synaptic transmission. For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. Biomed Environ Sci. 2016;74:99107. Int J Radiat Biol. Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory. However, to date, with the exception of high-power microwave radiation, which has widely established hazardous effects, the biological effects of microwaves remain controversial. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. The rats in the study showed increases in spatial memory and glucose transporters, and this phenomenon indicated a corresponding increase in glucose uptake. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. This conclusion is consistent with the results of a previously reported study that showed that short-term exposure to microwave radiation can reduce reaction times and improve cognitive functions, attention and short-term memory capacity [28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. Int J Epidemiol. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. 1 of 41 Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings Oct. 04, 2015 4 likes 4,519 views Download Now Download to read offline Environment The presentation proves beyond any doubt, the harmful affects of microwaves and radio frequency waves on humans and other living beings Padmanabhan Krishnan Follow Dr. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;48:46624. Mortazavi S, Rouintan M, Taeb S, Dehghan N, Ghaffarpanah A, Sadeghi Z, et al. Evaluation of Psychologic parameters in people occupationally exposed to radiofrequencies and microwave. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;18:32533. Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. Privacy It influences both learning and memory in rats [67]. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. 2016;25:31827. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;41:26887. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. daily life. Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. Bioelectromagnetics. biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. 2005;130:591600. The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. Effect of mobile radiation on health ppt . Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. Am J Epidemiol. Bioelectromagnetics. Chin J Radiol Med Prot. 2013;23:306. The normal function of synaptic vesicles depends on the normal expression of related proteins. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. Qutob et al. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold.